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ABCs of EOS
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A glossary of terms that every EOS user should know.

Let's make blockchain lingo easier to learn and understand.

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
Every transaction in a block is made up of one or more actions. Each action is an instruction to perform a given task. A transaction can be built up of multiple actions that are linked together.
Within the permissions structure of an account, active is by default the primary child permission of owner. The active permission can perform all actions of an account other than restructuring the permission structure. It is one of the two default permissions that come with a new account, owner and active.

A token distribution method. It is generally compared to an Initial Coin Offering (ICO), where tokens are sold. However, with an airdrop, tokens are given for free with the hope of creating an immediate user base for minimal cost.

Airgrab is a mechanism that was birthed as a solution to the cost of running an airdrop. The main difference is that an airgrab will require each user to claim their tokens, thus utilizing their own RAM to store the associated information, rather than the token's developer. This idea was borne out of the high cost of RAM that was seen when the EOS mainnet first launched.
B
EOS runs on two forms of bandwidth, CPU and Network. You must delegate (also known as stake) your tokens to have access to your allocated bandwidth. By staking your tokens, you guarantee yourself a certain proportion of the capacity of the network. This is part of how the EOS network can remain fee-less for transactions.

Byzantine Fault Tolerance, or BFT, refers to the ability of a system to still function correctly if some of its components fail, or behave maliciously, even when there is imperfect information regarding which components are working correctly.
In the context of blockchains, it is important for the consensus mechanism to have this property. For EOSIO specifically, the DPoS consensus mechanism should work even if some of the Block Producers fail or misbehave.

The term Byzantine comes from a computer science problem , the Byzantine Generals' Problem, in which a group of army commanders encircling a city have to agree on a plan, while some of the generals may be disloyal.

An automated tool for booting up an EOSIO network. It can be used to create a test environment locally, a meshed network across different servers, or a fully functional EOSIO network.

A Block Explorer is a tool for exploring the contents of a blockchain through a Graphical User Interface. See eosq.app for an example.
Block height is the block number of a given block in a blockchain. A block height of 1000 refers to the 1000th block of that chain. 

Block Producers are teams around the world who create the blocks that make up the EOS blockchain. They are elected by the EOS token holders. 21 Block Producers create blocks, while a list of Standby Block Producers vie for votes to be within the Top 21. Another name that is commonly used is Supernode.

The Block Producer Agreement is one of the supporting documents of the Constitution. It outlines the rules and guidelines that a Block Producer Candidate must adhere to. It exists as a Ricardian Contract on-chain that is signed when a Candidate calls the `regproducer` contract. The two names - Block Producer Agreement and regproducer - are used interchangeably. It can be read here.
Of the 5% inflation on EOS, 1% goes towards Block Producer rewards. Of that 1%, 25% is paid on a per-block-created basis. Also known as Bpay.

Block.one is the company that created the EOSIO software. The CEO is Brendan Blumer and the CTO is Daniel Larmier. Block.one held the largest and longest ICO in history, lasting 350 days, and raising over $4 Billion USD. They have committed $1 Billion USD towards Venture Capital firms who will help to build technologies that leverage the EOSIO software.

A public blockchain is a distributed ledger, publicly available to anyone. It is a relatively new technology, with the first such example created by Satoshi Nakamoto, called Bitcoin. It is a chain made up of blocks of transactions (also known as Distributed Ledger Technology)

C
Within the permissions structure of an account, owner is the top-level authority, with all other permissions being nested underneath it. Any permission nested under a permission heading is known as a child. By default, an EOS account will come with the active permission as a child to the owner permission.
Chintai is a decentralized resource exchange created by a Block Producer (EOS42), with the help of a group of sponsors made up of other Block Producers from the EOS mainnet community. Chintai allows a user to rent our their resources to a borrower for an agreed upon interest rate.

When a blockchain user refers to ‘cold storage,’ they referring to an offline method of storing their private keys. This is a very secure means for storing your private keys, as they are not being exposed over the internet.

Consensus means unanimous agreement. Blockchains can differ in their “consensus mechanisms.” EOSIO uses Delegated Proof of Stake. Some other popular mechanisms are Proof of Work, and Proof of Stake.

EOS is known as a ‘Governed Blockchain.’ As such, it has a Constitution, similar to the manner in which many political jurisdictions have their own Constitution. It is a set of rules which all EOS users have agreed to abide by, by virtue of their use of the EOS platform.

On EOS, CPU represents processing time, one of the blockchain resources that are allocated by means of the delegation mechanism. Each action requires a certain amount of CPU processing time, therefore if you would like to broadcast transactions to the EOS network, your account must have a sufficient allocation of CPU.

D

DAC is an acronym for a Decentralized Autonomous Corporation (or Decentralized Autonomous Community). This is similar to a co-op, as it is a member-run Corporation, which is self-governing, and can function autonomously. The entire business logic of a DAC is encoded into a smart contract that resides on the blockchain. Also known as a DAO - Decentralized Autonomous Organization.

CTO of Block.one. He is also known by his online pseudonym Bytemaster. He is known for having built both the BitShares and Steem blockchains, prior to designing EOSIO. Together, those two blockchains accounted for more than half of the total blockchain usage daily amongst all blockchains combined before the EOS mainnet went live.
This is a short-hand for the term decentralized application or distributed application. A dApp is any application which operates on a decentralized network. The purest form of a dApp is one which is deployed to the network and then operates without any central parties.
A deferred transaction is called within another transaction, but will not execute within that original transaction. It is similar to an inline action, the only difference being when the action occurs.
A transaction which has the delay flag active. Delays are defined in seconds.
Tokens on the EOS network can have two states, delegated and undelegated. When a token is delegated, it provides an allocation of network resources for an account. You can delegate resources towards your own account, or to another account, using your tokens. (also known as stake)
dfuse is a developer-first solution built to support any developer working on an EOSIO blockchain. dfuse offers them the most powerful read and write access to on-chain data, with REST, WebSocket, and GraphQL (both Query and Subscription) endpoints. dfuse provides both developers and users the ability to easily parse through the entire blockchain in speeds never before seen, plucking *just* the information they need.

A blockchain is a distributed ledger, publicly available to anyone. It is a relatively new technology, with the first such example created by Satoshi Nakamoto, called Bitcoin. It is a chain made up blocks of transactions.

DPoS is the consensus mechanism on which EOSIO is built. Within this context, the trustworthiness of the network is derived from the reputation and the future rewards of Block Producers, which keeps them honest. Block Producers are incentivized to remain honest, or risk losing their position in their network. It would take at least 15 of the actively producing Block Producers to collude together to render this mechanism ineffective.

E
A standard by which enhancements can be proposed and worked on as a community for creating new standards for EOSIO.

EOS is the token symbol of the native token on the EOS platform. It is also the name usually used for the EOS mainnet (with chain ID: aca376f206b8fc25a6ed44dbdc66547c36c6c33e3a119ffbeaef943642f0e906).

The EOS Alliance is a non-profit entity which has self-formed to help spur community dialogue around important topics for EOS members. It holds no power over EOS and exists only to serve the community.

A media organization started by Kevin Wilcox and Yohann "Bluejays" Calpu with the help of Jenny "TopKpop", to be an independent source of news for the English-speaking community of EOS. They are most known for their weekly YouTube vlog, EOS RAD.io, the Block Producer Candidate Reports pre-launch, and for the EOS forum that they started; forums.eosgo.io.

EOS Go was acquired by a Block Producer team in October 2018.

The name of the software created by Block.one, which the EOS mainnet and other networks that utilize this software, are built on.

ERC-20 stands for: Ethereum Request for Comment-20, and essentially is the standardized criteria needed for creating a token on the Ethereum Network. The EOS ICO was done on the Ethereum Network, so the EOS token was originally sold as an ERC-20 token.

F
Fiat money refers to any currency lacking intrinsic value that is declared legal tender by a government.

Unlike on other blockchains where one can only have a high degree of confidence that a transaction is accepted by waiting for enough confirmations, on EOSIO software it is possible to reach definite finality. Transactions behind the Last Irreversible Block are actually final and cannot be removed through a longer chain coming into existence through an attack. This will be extremely important once Inter-Blockchain Communication is functional.

A new blockchain that is started by copying the history of an existing chain and moving forward from there.
See: referendum. eosio.forum is a smart contract built by EOS Canada that allows users to post a message to the chain. While this can have many uses, it will be integral to the referendum system of the EOS mainnet.

An acronym for Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt. A common term used in the crypto-space to signify something that is not supported by facts, and is intended to halt or slow down some action by creating uncertainty.

G
The very first block of a blockchain. A forked chain will share the same history as its master-branch, whereas a new platform will have a unique genesis block. The genesis block of the EOS mainnet included this memo: "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it's the only thing that ever has - eosacknowledgments.io"
GitHub is a platform for sharing code amongst developers, commonly used for creating open source projects such as EOSIO.

A popular coding language developed by Google. Developers who wish to develop using this language can use a full-fledged library for EOSIO in Go developed by EOS Canada, called `eos-go`.

The agreed upon process that we as a community choose to abide by so as to maintain a peaceful and fair usage of our common pool resources.

H
A popular event in which many developers get together and try to work on projects related to a technology or theme in competition with each other. Block.one is hosting multiple Hackathons across the globe to help promote the EOSIO software, and develop solutions and dApps on top of it.

Hashing is the process of transforming a string into a fixed-length value or key that represents the original string. A string of data will always produce the same hash, so it is used as a means of verifying the contents of the string against the expected content. There are many different hashing algorithms. 

A section that is included in every block on the blockchain. It contains information such as timestamp, current Block Producer schedule, Last Irreversible Block, previous block number, current block number...
I
A yet-to-be-developed tool by which multiple blockchains can communicate with one another. This could be used to send tokens from one chain to another, or to expand the capacity of a network by increasing the number of chains that are running in parallel. You will commonly see it referred to as IBC.

An acronym for Initial Coin Offering. A popular method for distributing the initial supply of coins/tokens by selling them in exchange for fiat currency or other cryptocurrencies. Block.one held the longest and highest grossing ICO ever, lasting 350 days and bringing in over $4 Billion USD.

A media organization based in China that was begun to help spread information to the Chinese-speaking community about EOS during the run-up to the launch of the mainnet.

A term used to signify that something cannot be changed. The history of a blockchain is incorporated in every subsequent block, and as such is considered immutable.

The mechanism through which new tokens are created on the EOS mainnet. 20% of these are used to pay Block Producers and Standby Producers, with the remainder going into the eosio.saving account. Currently, inflation is set at 5%.

Inline actions are actions that are created within a smart contract. A single action that a user authorizes can then create many subsequent actions that will execute within a single transaction, or create deferred transactions as well.
An acronym for InterPlanetary File System. It is a distributed storage mechanism for placing files online for decentralized storage. It is in some aspects similar to BitTorrent. One goal of Block.one is to integrate IPFS into EOSIO blockchains to allow for a fully decentralized blockchain solution to file storage.
J
Jungle is the name of one of the two main EOS testnets currently running. It's chain ID is:038f4b0fc8ff18a4f0842a8f0564611f6e96e8535901dd45e43ac8691a1c4dca. More information about it can be found at the Jungle GitHub page or visit a Jungle Block Explorer.
K
A Korean-based media source to provide the Korean-speaking community with up-to-date information around EOS.
CryptoKylin is the name of one of the two main EOS testnets currently running. It's chain ID is: 5fff1dae8dc8e2fc4d5b23b2c7665c97f9e9d8edf2b6485a86ba311c25639191. More information about it can be found at the CryptoKylin home page or at a Kylin Block Explorer.
L
The term used to signify the beginning of a blockchain. Common synonym; boot.
An algorithm for redistributing Vote Pay from all Block Producer Candidates whose votes would reward them with less than 100 EOS of rewards in a given day. Those tokens are redistributed amongst all other Candidates who are above that threshold.

If a block is deemed irreversible, it means that you can trust with 100% confidence that that transaction is final, fully confirmed, and immutable. If the block number of a block is lower than the Last Irreversible Block, that means it is considered final. Commonly abbreviated as LIB.

M

The main EOSIO blockchain. As the EOSIO software is open source and freely available, there can be many instances of it. The first one to be spun up for public usage was the one with chain ID: aca376f206b8fc25a6ed44dbdc66547c36c6c33e3a119ffbeaef943642f0e906.

During the EOS ICO on the Ethereum Network, users were asked to register their public key so that it could be mapped to their account on the EOS network, assigning that key to the Owner/Active permissions on the new network.
A Merkle Tree is a cryptographic data structure used, in EOS, to link multiple transactions together using their hashes, and hashing multiple hashes together until you get up to a parent block. It is a quick way to prove inclusion of a transaction inside a block.
Short for multiple signatures. It describes requiring multiple signatures (in cryptography these would each be generated using a different private key) to perform an action. This can be used to provide increased security, as the loss of a single key would not allow a bad actor to appropriate an account’s authority.
N

Similar to .com and .org at the end of a URL, there are namespaces available in EOS. If a user wins a namespace auction for some suffix, say “com”, then they will be able to create special account names with “.com” at the end. The suffix is the namespace they bid on. Some major auctions that have been won were for .io .eos and .com.

Network, one of a user's resources, signifies the throughput capacity of the EOS blockchain. When you delegate tokens for Network, you are securing your right to utilize a pro-rata amount of the blockchain’s capacity.
Any computer or server that is running the nodeos software and is connected to an EOSIO blockchain peer-to-peer network.
O
According to Article 7 of the Constitution, all smart contracts on the EOS blockchain must be open source. This means that the source code must be freely available for review, copying, and modifying.

An oracle is a system that makes off-chain data available on-chain. An example of this would be an oracle that takes the score of a basketball game and puts it on-chain for smart contracts to consume and base decisions on.

Within the permissions structure of an account, owner is the top-level authority. The owner permission can sign on behalf of, and restructure, all lower-level permissions. It is one of two default permissions that come with a new account, owner and active.
P
As EOSIO operates with an account structure - a new feature amongst blockchains - a user can assign a unique permission structure to their account to delegate authority over different functions. For example, this can be used to increase security around more sensitive actions, such as transferring tokens, while not being as worried about securing a private key that can only be used to interact with a specific on-chain game.
Proof of Work is a consensus mechanism used by many blockchains, most notably by Bitcoin. The miner of the next block is the first to solve a hashing problem. The difficulty of this problem increases as more hashing power attempts to solve this problem at the same time. The ever-increasing amount of work that has gone into a blockchain over time is what protects the chain's history.

A private key is what can be used to sign a transaction that authenticates the holder, and allows the blockchain to only allow authorized actions that are listed as permissions on an EOS account. It is linked to a corresponding public key counterpart.

The term proxy can be used in two distinct definitions:

1. A user is registered as a proxy by calling the `regproxy` action, and can now have other users voting weight delegated along with their vote.

2. The actual act of delegating your vote towards another account. If a user does not want, or have the available time, to research which Block Producers should receive their vote (but still wants to participate in voting), they can proxy their vote strength towards another account. 

A public key is the publicly known portion of the private key/public key pair that a user can generate. There is no harm in giving out your public key, as it exerts no control. Rather, it is the private key that is associated to a given public key that can be used to sign a transaction if it has the correct permission authority.
R
Acronym for Random Access Memory. For speedy data lookup, a lot of data on EOS is stored within RAM. It is the most scarce system resource, which is why it must be purchased rather than staked for.
Referendums are used to poll a community to discover a communal opinion on a topic/question. As a 'governed blockchain', users use their stake to vote on proposals. The current referendum contract - eosio.forum - was written by EOS Canada.
When unstaking tokens, it takes 72 hours for a refund to be issued. Some block explorers will show the amount of tokens that are in the process of being released as ‘awaiting refund’.
Prior to the EOS token ERC-20 being frozen, users were asked to register their tokens, by mapping them to a public key which they control with a private key. This allowed newly created accounts to have EOS keys associated to them that each user supplied themselves.
An account on an EOSIO blockchain has three resources which it must maintain: RAM, CPU, and Network. RAM is a persistent resource (a user purchases it and controls it completely until they clean it out and sell it back to the blockchain), while CPU and Network are transient (an account may use it, and then it will regenerate as it is constantly rolling over).
Within EOSIO, a user can delegate their resources (CPU Bandwidth and Network Bandwidth) to another user. To incentivize this, a borrower can pay rent towards the lender. REX, a system level resource exchange smart contract written by block.one, is a tool that will decentralize this entirely. Rather than paying interest directly from a borrower to a lender, REX creates a pool based on a Bancor relay to distribute all collected interest between all lenders.
REX also includes a caveat that a user must be either voting for at least 21 Block Producers or be delegating their vote towards a proxy to be eligible to utilize the REX.
A human readable contract that defines the intention of the associated smart contract written in a computer scripting language. According to Article 7 of the Constitution, all smart contracts on the EOS blockchain must also have a Ricardian Contract.
S
Smart contracts are self-executing contracts written in computer code.

At any given point in time, a snapshot of the total state of the chain can be taken. For example, this could be used by a token that wants to airdrop to all current token holders based on their current holdings.

Used in two ways: 1) Your total EOS token holding is referred to as your stake. 2) Synonym for delegate.

There are three different classifications a Block Producer can fall into: 1) The Top 21 who produce and validate blocks, and are paid a portion of block rewards and vote-based rewards, 2) A Producer whose ranking is below 21, but receives enough votes to receive at least 100 EOS of vote-based reward within a given day, 3) All other Block Producer Candidates who have registered their account as a Candidate through the `regproducer` contract.
The term 'Standby Producer' refers to all Producers who fall into the second classification above.
Sudo is a short-hand term based on the name of a Linux command that means 'super user do,' which is used to obtain elevated privileges when running a command. In EOSIO, 15 of 21 Block Producers can sign a transaction on behalf of a user. To simplify this process, a sudo contract was created to reduce the amount of individual steps needed to coordinate amongst the Block Producers. It has been deployed to the network under the account eosio.wrap.
Synonym for Block Producer. Often used by those familiar with some other blockchains.
T
TaPoS is used to ensure that a user fetches the recent state of the top of the blockchain to prove that they are aware of the state of the chain when signing a transaction. This helps to prevent certain forms of attacks, such as a replay attack where a malicious user tries to replay a transaction, despite the state of the associated accounts having already been changed.

A testing environment in which developers can test their contracts or applications, where Block Producers can verify that their infrastructure operates as intended, and where new tweaks to source code can be checked for any missed bugs or unintended consequences. Testnets can be set up to mimic production networks, to simulate possible attacks, or for other purposes.

The unit of measurement of a cryptocurrency. On EOS, each EOS token can be split down to the 4th decimal place. You may sometimes see the words token and coin being used interchangeably.

A block on the EOS blockchain can include many different transactions within it. Each transaction can include one or multiple different actions. Every interaction with the blockchain is classified as a transaction, not just the movement of tokens from one account to another.
U
A user on EOS is any individual who interacts with the EOS blockchain, be it directly, or through a dApp.
V

During the ICO of EOS, Block.one raised approximately $4B USD. They chose to allocate, from the money raised, $1B USD to Venture Capital funds to help bolster the EOS community. To date, there have been partnerships announced with Galaxy Digital, SVK Crypto, Tomorrow BC, FinLab, and EOS Global.

With on-chain governance being at the forefront of EOSIO software, voting is a fundamental part of the system. The most widely used application of voting is to elect which Block Producers will actually produce blocks for the network. Voting will also be used to help collect the communal decisions through which we will change the course of the network - through referendums to alter the Constitution, to elect members to any boards that may form, and to vote things through the Worker Proposal System, amongst others.

To discourage users from casting a vote for Block Producers and then not updating their vote periodically, a decay in the relative vote strength of old votes was introduced. To maintain maximum vote strength, a user should vote at least once per week.
Of the 5% inflation on EOS, 1% goes towards Block Producer rewards. Of that 1%, 75% is paid according to the number of votes a Block Producer Candidate Receives. There is a 100 EOS per day threshold that must be met for a Candidate to receive this reward. Also known as Vpay. See also: Leaky Bucket Algorithm for more information.
W

A software or hardware tool that stores your private keys, through which you sign transactions. A common misconception is that a wallet holds your tokens. However, tokens are never held, only the private keys that have control/rights over those tokens are being held.

A token holder who holds a very large stake.

A system through which communal funds would be used to support chain-enhancements, community projects, and anything that the community felt was deserving of public funding. It is set up to be funded through a portion of inflation.